Surgical instrument with telescoping attachment

ABSTRACT

A surgical instrument for the dissection of bone and other tissue includes a spindle, a dissection tool and an coupler disposed between the spindle and the dissection tool. The coupler includes a tool collet and an attachment locking mechanism operable to permit tool collet operation and telescoping movement of an attachment tube with respect to the dissection tool. A method is also provided for convenient coupling of the dissection tool and adjustment of the attachment tube length.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention generally relates to surgical instruments for use in the dissection of bone and other tissue. More particularly, the present invention relates to a telescoping attachment for a surgical instrument.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] In various surgical procedures, it is necessary to dissect bone or other tissue. Many conventional surgical instruments used for the dissection of bone or other tissue employ pneumatic or electrical motors to rotate a cutting element. In their most basic form, such surgical instruments comprise a motor portion having a rotary shaft, a dissection tool having a cutting or abrading element that is moved by the rotating shaft of the motor, and a coupling arrangement for connecting the dissection tool to a spindle or collet of the rotary shaft. The spindle or collet of the rotary shaft is usually housed within a base that is attached to the motor.

[0003] Because it is frequently necessary to replace the dissection tool, it is also known in the art to use a quick release coupling to secure the dissection tool to the surgical instrument. An example of such a quick release coupling is shown and described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,737 entitled “Quick Release Coupling For A Dissecting Tool” incorporated herein by reference. The coupling device shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,737 includes a spindle attachment which is secured to a spindle of a surgical instrument. The spindle attachment has a shaft engagement portion for engaging a shaft of the dissection tool. The shaft engagement portion of the spindle attachment is provided with apertures that terminate within a central bore of the engagement portion through which the shaft of the dissection tool extends.

[0004] Powered surgical dissection instruments often utilize dissection tools having small shaft diameters in relation to their length. Such shafts may bend or flail in use if not adequately supported. This occurrence may be heightened when such shafts are used with motors that are designed to reach speeds in excess of 72,000 rpm. Tool makers have provided attachments or tubes that engages the motor portion and receive a portion of the dissection tool shaft. Typically, such an attachment will include one or more bearing that support the dissection tool shaft at it extends from the tool collet. Attachments may be provided with many configurations varying by length, diameter and function. While telescoping attachments have been utilized which provide the capability of varying the distance the distal tip of the tube extends from the motor housing, the installation and adjustment of such devices remains cumbersome.

[0005] While known surgical tools include adjustable components, a need exists in the pertinent art for an improved surgical tool which permits telescoping of the attachment relative to the motor.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] In one particular embodiment, the surgical instrument includes a coupler for telescopingly engaging an attachment tube to a surgical motor. In a preferred, but not required, aspect of the illustrated embodiment, the coupling assembly may be manually manipulated to permit tool collet locking and attachment tube adjustment without removal from the motor.

[0007] Additional advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0008] Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiments of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0010]FIG. 1 is an illustration of a surgical dissection tool according to the present invention used in a human patient.

[0011]FIG. 2A is a partially exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a surgical dissection tool according to the present invention.

[0012]FIG. 2B is a partially exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 2A.

[0013]FIG. 2C is a partially exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 2A.

[0014]FIG. 2D is an assembled perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 2A.

[0015]FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a telescoping attachment assembly according to the present invention.

[0016]FIGS. 4A and 4B are partial cross-sectional side views of the embodiment of FIG. 3 in an assembled and locked position.

[0017]FIGS. 5A and 5B are partial cross-sectional side views of the embodiment of FIG. 3 in an assembled and partially unlocked position.

[0018]FIGS. 6A and 6B are partial cross-sectional side views of the embodiment of FIG. 3 in an assembled and unlocked position.

[0019]FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a telescoping attachment assembly according to the present invention.

[0020]FIGS. 8A and 8B are partial cross-sectional side views of the embodiment of FIG. 7 in an assembled and locked position.

[0021]FIGS. 9A and 9B are partial cross-sectional side views of the embodiment of FIG. 7 in an assembled and partially unlocked locked position. FIGS. 10A and 10B are partial cross-sectional side views of the embodiment of FIG. 7 in an assembled and unlocked position.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0022] The following description of the preferred embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses.

[0023] Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a human patient A undergoing a neurological operation. As is common practice, access to the brain or other neurological structures often requires delicate dissection of bone and other tissues B to gain access. By way of example, dissection tool assembly 10 in accordance with one aspect of the present invention is shown being utilized to dissect a portion of patient A's bone and other tissue B adjacent to the surgical access site.

[0024] Referring now to FIGS. 2A through 2D, a dissection tool assembly 10 for the dissection of bone or other tissue is illustrated. A pneumatic motor 20 is illustrated having a collet assembly 22 disposed on its distal end. Collet assembly 22 will not be described in great detail in the present application as it is more fully disclosed in a prior filed application U.S. Ser. No. 10/200,683 filed Jul. 22, 2002, entitled “Surgical Instrument with Rotary Cutting Member and Quick Release Coupling Arrangement” incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Collet assembly 22 includes a proximal movable portion 24 and a distal fixed portion 26. A shaft receiving aperture 28 is provided on the distal end to slidably receive a rotary shaft. The dissection tool assembly 10 further includes an attachment base coupling assembly 30 adapted to be received about collet assembly 22 and having an attachment aperture 34 at its distal length. An attachment tube 40 is provided having a proximal portion 42 with grooves 44 extending along a portion thereof. The distal end of attachment tube 40 includes a tool receiving aperture 48. The coupling assembly 30 and attachment tube 40 may be combined to form a telescoping attachment assembly 12. An exemplary illustration of a dissection tool 50 is also shown. Dissection tool 50 includes an elongated shaft 52 and a tissue dissection head 54.

[0025] Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown an exploded perspective view of the components of telescoping attachment assembly 12 according to one embodiment of the present invention. Telescoping attachment assembly 12 includes coupling assembly 30 and attachment 40. Dissection tool 50 is illustrated for purposes of completeness; however, it is not a required component of telescoping attachment assembly 12 but is shown for use in cooperation with the telescoping attachment assembly. Attachment assembly 30 includes a body 110 having an outer surface and defining an axially disposed internal passage 31 (FIG. 4A) extending substantially the length of body 110. Tool coupling assembly 120 is disposed within internal passage 31. Tool coupling assembly 120 includes a split ring 112, a bearing 114, a retaining ring 116, a bearing 118 disposed about the proximal portion of a rotor shaft 121. Rotor shaft 121 includes a circumferential shoulder 124 and a proximal gripping end 122. A spring 140 is disposed adjacent shoulder 124 and a locking sleeve 142 is circumferentially disposed about gripping end 122 and held in position by pen 144.

[0026] The distal end of coupling assembly 30 comprises attachment locking assembly 160. Attachment locking assembly includes distal portion 36, tension ring 150 having apertures 151 disposed therein, split ring 152, spring 154, collar 156 having apertures 157 and locking ball 158 disposed therein. Balls 166 are disposed within apertures 151 in their assembled condition and similarly extend through apertures 164 disposed in body 110. Body 110 further defines collet fingers 163 at its distal extreme. A helical groove 162 is provided to receive locking balls 158. Helical groove 162 further includes shallow detents at either end of its length. It will be understood that these shallow detents provide a provisional locking of the locking balls when they reach this position, thereby maintaining the assembly in the select position. This may also provide the user with tactile feedback as the balls fall into the detents.

[0027] Attachment tube 40 comprises proximal portion 42.having a plurality of axially aligned grooves 44 disposed on the exterior surface. A proximal bearing assembly 45 is shown having a number of bearings, rings and a tension spring illustrated there between. Bearing 51 is disposed proximally of proximal bearing assembly 45. Attachment tube 40 also includes a distal bearing assembly 47. Proximal bearing assembly 45 and distal bearing assembly 47 are fixably disposed within tube 46 and are preferably adapted to support a rotating shaft. Proximal portion 42 is fixably attached to the exterior of tube 46 and retains bearing 51 in position.

[0028] Referring now to FIGS. 4A through 6B, the details of tool coupling assembly 120 and attachment of locking assembly 160 will be more fully described. Cross-sectional view of FIGS. 4A and 4B show telescoping attachment assembly 12 in the fully locked position. Dissection tool 50 is locked within tool coupling assembly 120 and attachment tube 40 is locked within attachment locking assembly 160. As shown more fully in FIG. 4B, proximal portion 42 of attachment tube 40 extends within internal chamber 34 of coupling assembly 30. Ball 166 is disposed within groove 44 and is retained in this position by tension ring 150. Distal portion 36 has been rotated to the locked position moving balls 158 within helical groove 162 to axially displace distal portion 36 in the proximal direction. As distal portion 36 moves in the proximal direction, an internal tapered surface 37 engages an external tapered surface 35 of collet fingers 163. The engagement between internal tapered surface 37 and external tapered surface 35 and the corresponding surface on collet finger 165 urges the attachment locking assembly 160 to constrict the diameter of attachment aperture 34 and thereby lockingly engage proximal portion 42 of attachment tube 40. In this position, axially displacement of attachment tube 40 with respect to coupling assembly 30 is inhibited.

[0029] Referring now specifically to FIGS. 5A and 5B, telescoping attachment assembly 12 is shown with the attachment locking assembly 160 in an unlocked position and with tool coupling assembly 120 in a locked position. Distal portion 36 has been rotated with respect to motor 20 to urge balls 158 within helical groove 162. Movement of the balls 158 within helical groove 162 urges distal portion 36 to be axially displaced in a distal direction with respect to motor 20. Such distal displacement along the axis causes internal tapered surface 37 to be disengaged from external tapered surface 35 such that attachment aperture 34 effectively expands in diameter. In this state, attachment tube 40 may be slidably displaced within attachment aperture 34. Groove 44 is formed on proximal portion 42 such that it does not extend to the extreme proximal end and thereby creates a proximal shoulder 44 a. The engagement of ball 166 in groove 44 may thereby provide a tactile feedback to the user when ball 166 is initially engaged in groove 44. With distal movement of the attachment tube 40 engaged in the locking assembly 160, resistance upon engagement of ball 166 against shoulder 44 a provides tactile feedback to the user that attachment tube 40 is about to be disengaged from coupling assembly 30. Further distal movement of attachment tube 40 causes ball 166 to overcome the compressive force of tension ring 150 such that the attachment may be completely removed from aperture 34.

[0030] Referring now to FIGS. 3, 5B and 6B, there are shown details of the tool coupling assembly 120. Tool coupling assembly includes a locking sleeve 142 disposed about gripping end 122. Locking sleeve 142 includes an internal bore with a relief area 210, a projection 212, a further relief area 214 and a further projection 216. Gripping end 122 includes first gripping finger 130 and a second complementary gripping finger 132. The gripping fingers include a first ridge 220, a relief 222 and a second ridge 224, defined on their outer surface as shown in FIG. 5B. The internal surface of gripping finger 130 includes a projection 131 and a driving surface 134. In a similar manner, gripping finger 132 includes a projection 133 and a driving surface 136. It will be understood that these driving surfaces and projections are substantially complementary to corresponding features of recesses 58 and 60 and driving surfaces 62 and 64 of dissection tool 50. As shown in FIG. 4B, the internal surfaces of the tool coupling assembly 120 substantially correspond to and mate with the external features of the dual driving pattern 56 to thereby retain the tool and effectively provide rotary force thereto. Locking sleeve 142 is retained on gripping end 122 by means of pin 144 passing through a portion of the locking sleeve and extending through a slot 137 defined between gripping finger 130 and gripping finger 132.

[0031] Tool coupling assembly 120 has a normally locked position such as that shown in FIG. 4B and a second unlocked position shown in FIG. 6B. In the locked position at FIG. 4B, projection 212 is in substantial axially alignment with ridge 220 and projection 216 is in substantial axially alignment with ridge 224 thereby urging gripping fingers 130 and 132 into the locked position. In the second unlocked position illustrated in FIG. 6B, projection 212 is in substantial axially alignment with relief 222 and projection 216 is disposed proximally of ridge 216. In a similar fashion, relief area 210 is disposed adjacent ridge 220 and relief area 214 is disposed adjacent ridge 224. In this position, gripping fingers 130 and 132 may move to their release position such that dissection tool 50 may be removed from tool coupling assembly 120. It will be appreciated that spring 140 acts on locking sleeve 142 to urge the locking sleeve into the first locked position. As shown in FIG. 6B, attachment proximal portion 42 is moved to the extreme proximal portion of attachment aperture 34 bringing bearing 51 into contact with locking sleeve 142 whereby further proximal movement of attachment tube 40 causes the locking sleeve to move into the second unlocked position shown in FIG. 6B. Bearing 51 is provided as the contact surface between attachment tube 40 and locking sleeve 142 in the event that power would be applied to rotor shaft 121. It will be understood that bearing 151 may rotate with locking sleeve 142 to thereby isolate rotary force from being transmitted to attachment tube 40. As attachment tube 40 is moved distally, spring 144 urges locking sleeve 142 into the first locked position shown in FIG. 4B.

[0032] Dissection assembly tool 10 may be assembled in the following manner, although the present invention is not limited to a specific sequence of assembly. As shown at FIGS. 2A-2D, coupling assembly 30 may be slidably advanced over collet assembly 22 of motor 20. As described in the prior filed application entitled “Surgical Instrument with Rotary Cutting Member and Quick Release Coupling Arrangement”, U.S. Ser. No. 10/200,683 filed Jul. 22, 2002, axial rotation of coupling assembly 30 about motor 20 causes rotational movement of movable portion 24 thereby actuating an internal collet locking mechanism of motor 20 to rotationally mate with drive pattern 126 of rotor shaft 121 (see FIG. 3). In a preferred aspect, rotation of coupling assembly 30 about motor 20 also locks the coupling assembly to the motor. In the illustrated embodiment, the amount of rotation necessary to move from an unlocked position to a locked position is approximately 90 degrees. As best seen in FIG. 4A, coupling assembly 30 includes a pair of internal flats 33 disposed within internal chamber 31. It will be appreciated that as the coupling assembly 30 is slidably advanced with respect to motor 20, flats 33 will engage corresponding flats on collet assembly 22 to properly orient the two components. Moreover, upon rotation of coupling assembly 30 about motor 20, flats 33 will drive movable portion 24 to operate the internal tool locking mechanism as well as being positioned behind fixed portion 26 such that the coupling assembly is fixably engaged with motor 20.

[0033] Attachment tube 40 may be axially advanced within attachment aperture 34. Grooves 44 may be positioned within attachment aperture 34 such that retaining balls 166 (FIG. 4B) provisionally retain the attachment tube 40 within coupling assembly 30. In the provisional retention state (FIG. 5B), attachment tube 40 may be axially displaced within coupler 30. With the attachment joined to the coupler, dissection tool 50 may then be inserted through tool aperture 48 until the driving pattern 56 is disposed adjacent the tool coupling assembly 120 of the coupling assembly 30. Attachment tube 40 may be then be moved along its longitudinal axis distally toward motor 20 to thereby open the tool coupling assembly 120 and the driving pattern 56 may then be advanced into a locking position. Distal movement of attachment tube 40 away from motor 20 results in dissection tool 50 being coupled to coupling assembly 30. Attachment tube 40 may then be moved with respect to coupling assembly 30 to vary the distance between distal bearing 47 and dissection head 54. Once the desired displacement has been obtained, distal portion 36 may be rotated approximately 90 degrees in the direction of arrow 38 with respect to motor 20 to thereby lock the position of attachment tube 40 with respect to coupling assembly 30.

[0034] Disassembly of the dissection tool assembly 10 may be performed in substantially the inverse order of operations described above to assemble the tool. More specifically, distal portion 36 may be rotated in an opposite direction with respect to motor 20 thereby permit axial movement of attachment tube 40 with respect to coupling assembly 30. Attachment tube 40 may then be moved proximally to engage the tool coupling assembly 120 and move it to an unlocked position. Dissection tool 50 may then be withdrawn from the tool coupling assembly 120 and from attachment tube 40. Thereafter, attachment tube 40 may be removed from coupling assembly 30 or a new dissection tool may be inserted through the attachment into locking engagement with coupling assembly 30. It will be appreciated that coupling assembly 30 may be quickly and easily removed from motor 20 by rotation in the opposite direction of arrow 32 to move movable portion 24 to its unlocked position. This may be accomplished with dissection tool 50 and attachment tube 40 fully engaged in the distal end of coupling assembly 30.

[0035] Referring now to FIG. 7, there is shown an exploded perspective view of the components of an attachment assembly 300 according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. Telescoping attachment assembly 300 includes attachment base 330 and attachment tube 340. Dissection tool 350 is shown for the purpose of illustration. Attachment base 330 includes an attachment locking assembly 378 and a tool locking assembly 360 with a rotor shaft having gripping fingers 362. A spring 368 is disposed about the gripping fingers 362 along with a portion of locking sleeve 364. Locking sleeve 364 further includes an extension 366 and an external shoulder 370. As previously described above, attachment tube 340 includes several bearing assemblies adapted to rotationally support dissection tool 350. Proximal portion 343 includes a plurality of axially aligned grooves 344 adapted for mating with projections of the attachment base 330.

[0036] Referring now to FIGS. 8A and 8B, telescoping attachment assembly 300 is shown with the tool locking assembly 360 and the attachment locking assembly 378 in the locked position suitable for active operation to use the dissection tool 350 to remove bone or other tissue. As shown in greater detail in FIG. 8B, locking sleeve 364 is moved distally such that internal projections of the sleeve are in substantial alignment with projection on the exterior of gripping fingers 366 to urge the collet to close on driving end 352 of dissection tool 350. The attachment tube proximal portion 343 is positioned within the attachment base 330 such that grooves 344 may be engaged by inwardly extending balls as previously described with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 3. The structure and operation of the attachment locking mechanism 378 is substantially identical to that described with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 3 and will not be further described herein.

[0037] Locking sleeve 364 includes a distally extending extension 366 having an internal bore with a diameter substantially matching the external diameter of tool 350 such that is provides support to the tool shaft during operation. It will be understood that locking sleeve 364 and extension 366 will turn with tool 350 during operation. Extension 366 extends within bearing 380 which is provided to isolate the rotation of extension 366 from attachment tube 340.

[0038] The telescoping attachment assembly 300 is shown in the attachment tube unlocked position and dissection tool locked position in FIGS. 9A and 9B. Locking sleeve 364 remains in the locked position to urge gripping fingers 362 to lockingly engage tool 350. Attachment tube 340 is free to move axially along the length of grooves 344. Bearing 380 is spaced from external shoulder 370 and extension 366 extends through bearing 380 and into sleeve 384. In this configuration, the distance between the distal end of attachment tube 340 and the attachment base 330 may be adjusted to the desired spacing.

[0039] Referring now to FIGS. 10A and 10B, the telescoping attachment assembly 300 is shown with the attachment locking assembly 378 and the tool locking assembly 360 both in the unlock position. Attachment tube 340 has been moved proximally along the longitudinal axis toward attachment base 330 until bearing 380 abuts external shoulder 370 on locking sleeve 364. Further proximal movement of attachment tube 340 urges locking sleeve 364 to move to the unlock position shown in FIG. 10B thereby allowing gripping fingers 366 to move to an unlock position. Tool drive end 352 may then be removed from the tool collet. Extension 366 is sized to be received within bearing 380, sleeve 384 and spring 368. In the illustrated embodiment extension 366 does not contact bearing 382. It will be understood that distal movement of attachment tube 340 away from attachment base 330 will allow the spring biased locking sleeve 364 to move to the locked position.

[0040] The above description has been directed to a coupling assembly 30 that is detachable from motor 20, however; it is contemplated and hereby disclosed that coupler 30 may be integrated with motor 20 in a substantially integral unit. Still further, attachment tube 40 and dissection tool 50 have been shown as substantially straight components. It will be appreciated and is hereby disclosed that attachment tube 40 may be curved to accommodate various applications. It being understood that dissection tool 50 may have sufficient flexibility to conform to the curvature of the attachment along its length.

[0041] The above-described preferred embodiments of the present invention may be assembled and adjusted by manual manipulation of the outer surfaces of the components. It will be understood that in this preferred configuration, it is advantageous for the user such that additional instrumentation, tools or intricate movements are not required to accommodate the coupling and adjustment of the various components.

[0042] The above description of embodiments according to the invention is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A surgical instrument for the dissection of bone or other tissue, the surgical instrument comprising: a motor having a power output; a tool having a shaft with a dissection area disposed adjacent a distal end and a coupling area disposed adjacent an opposite proximal end; a coupling assembly configured for selectively coupling said power output to said coupling area of said tool in a run position, said coupling assembly including an unlock position wherein said tool may be decoupled from said power output, said coupling assembly further including an actuator for controlling said coupling assembly from said run position to said unlock position; and an attachment tube positioned along at least a portion of said shaft and substantially supporting a portion of said shaft disposed adjacent said dissection area, wherein said attachment tube is movable to adjust the position of said actuator.
 2. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein said coupling assembly has a longitudinal axis and said actuator is movable along said longitudinal axis.
 3. The surgical instrument of claim 2, wherein said attachment tube is moved along said longitudinal axis to adjust the position of the actuator.
 4. The surgical instrument of claim 3, wherein said attachment tube is configured such that movement along said longitudinal axis is accomplished without substantial rotary motion.
 5. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein said attachment tube is movably coupled to said coupling assembly.
 6. The surgical instrument of claim 1, further including a second coupling assembly linked to said coupling assembly, said second coupling assembly operable to selectively lock said attachment tube to said coupling assembly.
 7. The surgical instrument of claim 6, wherein said second coupling assembly includes a locked position wherein said attachment tube is locked to said coupling assembly, a guiding position wherein said attachment tube is moveably coupled to said coupling assembly, and an open position wherein said attachment tube is removed from said coupling assembly.
 8. The surgical instrument of claim 7, wherein said coupling assembly and said attachment tube include a projection and detent retention system therebetween to retain said attachment tube in said guiding position.
 9. The surgical instrument of claim 8, wherein said attachment tube defines a plurality of elongated detents along an outer surface and said coupling assembly includes at least one projection for mating with said elongated detents.
 10. The surgical instrument of claim 9, wherein said at least one projection may be slidably disposed in said elongated detents to permit axial movement of said attachment tube with respect to said coupling assembly.
 11. The surgical instrument of claim 7, wherein said coupling assembly includes an aperture for receiving said attachment tube and at least one movable projection extending into said aperture, wherein said movable projection cooperates with said attachment tube to retain said attachment tube in the guiding position.
 12. The surgical instrument of claim 11, wherein said movable projection provides a tactile sensation to the user to indicate movement between the open position and the guiding position.
 13. The surgical instrument of claim 7, wherein said coupling assembly includes an outer housing having at least one movable portion, said movable portion controlling said second coupling assembly between said locked position and said guiding position.
 14. The surgical instrument of claim 13, wherein said coupling assembly has a longitudinal axis and said at least one movable portion is movable about said longitudinal axis.
 15. The surgical instrument of claim 14, wherein said movable portion is rotatable around said longitudinal axis.
 16. The surgical instrument of claim 15, wherein said movable portion is required to rotate less than about 270 degrees to move said second coupling assembly between said locked position and said guiding position.
 17. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein said motor includes a motor housing and said coupling assembly is removably coupled to said motor housing.
 18. The surgical instrument of claim 17, wherein said motor housing includes a tool chuck and said coupling assembly includes a work shaft, said work shaft removably coupled to said tool chuck.
 19. The surgical instrument of claim 18, wherein said tool chuck is moved to a locked position coupling the work shaft by rotational movement of said coupling assembly about a portion of said motor housing.
 20. The surgical instrument of claim 1, further including a biasing member to urge said coupling assembly into said run position.
 21. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein said attachment tube includes a curved portion.
 22. A method of assembling a surgical dissection instrument, comprising: providing a motor with a first tool chuck, a dissection tool, and a coupler with a work shaft and a second tool chuck, and an attachment; attaching the coupler to the motor with the work shaft coupled to the first tool chuck; joining the attachment to the coupler; inserting a portion of the dissection tool through the attachment and into the second tool chuck; and locking the dissection tool in the second tool chuck.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein said joining permits axial displacement of the attachment with respect to the coupler and further including, adjusting the axial displacement of the attachment with respect to the coupler and locking the coupler to the attachment.
 24. The method of claim 22, further including the step of moving the attachment with respect to the coupler to unlock the dissection tool from the second tool chuck and removing the dissection tool from the attachment.
 25. A coupler for use with a powered surgical handpiece, the coupler comprising: a housing having a proximal portion, a distal portion and a longitudinal axis therebetween, said proximal portion defining a longitudinal aperture; a working shaft disposed in said longitudinal aperture, said working shaft adapted for coupling to a power output of the powered surgical handpiece; a tool coupling assembly disposed distal of said work shaft and configured for coupling to a surgical dissection tool; and an attachment locking assembly disposed adjacent said proximal portion and adapted to retain an attachment for supporting the surgical dissection tool, said attachment locking assembly having a first configuration for slidable engagement with the attachment to permit the placement of the attachment at a plurality of locations along the longitudinal axis and a second configuration locking the attachment to said housing at one of said plurality of axial locations.
 26. A coupler for use with powered surgical handpieces and surgical dissection tools supported by an attachment, the coupler comprising: a coupler body having an outer surface and defining an internal chamber; an attachment tube slidably received within said internal chamber; and a tool locking assembly disposed within said internal chamber, said tool locking assembly movable between a locked position and an unlocked position, said tool locking assembly actuated by movement of the attachment tube within the internal chamber between said locked position and said unlocked position.
 27. The coupler of claim 26, wherein said tool locking assembly includes an actuator, said actuator disposed within said internal chamber.
 28. The coupler of claim 26, wherein said tool locking assembly includes a biasing member urging said locking assembly to assume said locked position.
 29. The coupler of claim 26, further including an attachment locking mechanism disposed within said internal chamber, said attachment locking mechanism movable between an unlocked position permitting movement of the attachment within said internal chamber and a locked position inhibiting movement of the attachment within said internal chamber.
 30. The coupler of claim 29, wherein said attachment locking mechanism includes a manually operable actuator disposed outside said internal chamber.
 31. The coupler of claim 30, wherein said outer surface includes at least two interconnected components, a first component adapted for operable engagement with a powered surgical handpiece and a second component moveable with respect to said first component, said second component being said manually operable actuator.
 32. The coupler of claim 30, wherein said coupler body defines a longitudinal axis and said tool locking assembly is actuated by movement of the attachment along said longitudinal axis.
 33. A telescoping attachment assembly for use with a surgical dissection tool, comprising: an attachment having an outer surface and defining an internal bore for receiving the surgical dissection tool, said attachment having a proximal end; a coupler having a distal aperture for telescoping engagement said proximal end, said coupler including a first locking mechanism disposed adjacent to said aperture for selectively locking said attachment to said coupler, and said coupler including a second locking mechanism for selectively locking the surgical dissection tool to said coupler.
 34. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein said coupler is adapted for connection to a powered surgical handpiece.
 35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said coupler is adapted for removable connection to a powered surgical handpiece.
 36. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein said coupler includes a working shaft having a proximal portion and a distal portion, said second locking mechanism rotationally joined to said distal portion and said proximal portion configured for selective coupling to a locking collet of a powered surgical handpiece.
 37. An attachment tube for supporting a movable shaft of a surgical dissection tool, the attachment comprising: a cylindrical body having an outer surface, a proximal portion and defining an inner passage to at least partially receive a surgical dissection tool, said outer surface defining at least one groove extending along said outer surface adjacent said proximal portion.
 38. The attachment of claim 37, wherein said outer surface has said proximal portion with a first diameter and an opposite distal portion with a second diameter, said first diameter larger than said second diameter.
 39. The attachment of claim 37, wherein said outer surface includes a proximal end and said at least one groove terminates prior to said proximal end.
 40. The attachment of claim 37, wherein said outer surface includes a plurality of grooves.
 41. The attachment of claim 37, wherein said proximal portion defining a longitudinal axis and said at least one groove extends in substantial parallel alignment with said longitudinal axis. 